Environmental activists are raising concerns about efforts to set regulations for commercial deep-sea mining in international waters. Negotiations are being held at the International Seabed Authority (ISA), a UN body established in 1994. Since July 15, ISA talks have taken place in Jamaica to shape rules for the emerging industry.
Three European NGOs—WeMove Europe, Seas At Risk and the Deep Sea Conservation Coalition—commissioned an Ipsos survey in Belgium, Poland and Italy. The poll included 3,000 respondents. Results showed 56% opposed deep-sea mining and supported a temporary ban, while 33% backed mining only if damage is minimized. Just 7% were undecided, and 4% supported mining without reservations.
Scientific findings cited in opposition to commercial extraction
Rachel Walker-Konno of WeMove Europe pointed to recent scientific discoveries related to polymetallic nodules. She highlighted a finding that the nodules targeted by mining companies produce oxygen. The statement was presented as a change in understanding of deep-sea processes.
The concerns also focus on potential effects that could follow seabed disturbance. Experts cited the need for additional research into impacts on ecosystems and fish populations. They also referenced uncertainty around the ocean’s carbon sequestration capabilities.
Countries and institutions call for different approaches
A total of 31 countries support measures including a ban, moratorium or preventive pause on deep-sea mining. France is described as calling for a ban, while other EU countries—including Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Greece and Malta—support a pause until further data is available.
The European Commission has recommended a ban until evidence shows mining can be carried out safely without harming the marine environment. Over the past year, global financial institutions and companies from the fishing, technology and automobile sectors have joined calls for a halt to deep-sea mining.
ISA exploration contracts and targeted seabed resources
The ISA has signed around 30 contracts to explore seabed resources including polymetallic nodules and sulphides. The sulphides contain copper, nickel, iron, manganese, cobalt and rare earths. Exploration activities involve both government and private entities.
The contracts cover areas such as the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Some EU countries are seeking access to these materials for batteries and semiconductors. Activists argue that lithium is not found in these nodules.
Canada’s potential application and Norway’s territorial plans
Canada, through the TMC company, may seek a commercial deep-sea mining license in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone as early as 2025. The timing is described as depending on how ISA regulations develop. The outcome of an upcoming ISA secretary general election is also noted as potentially influencing regulatory direction.
The current deputy secretary general Michael Lodge is described as advocating rapid rule adoption. Norway has received parliamentary approval to begin deep-sea mining in its territorial waters around Svalbard. The approved area spans 281,000 square kilometers, aligning with broader plans to exploit mineral resources.